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Linux 私房菜：走进 bash
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<p>本文内容精简、整理、摘抄、有感于《鸟哥的Linux私房菜 - 基础篇第四版》第十章 • 认识与学习BASH。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="Bash功能"><a href="#Bash功能" class="headerlink" title="Bash功能"></a>Bash功能</h3><ul>
<li><p>命令编辑修复能力：<code>history</code>。用户bash指令使用记录文件：<code>~/.bash_history</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>命令与文件补全：<code>tab</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>命令别名设定：<code>alias</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>工作控制、前景和背景控制</p>
</li>
<li><p>程序化脚本：shell scripts</p>
</li>
<li><p>通配符：wildcard</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="指令操作"><a href="#指令操作" class="headerlink" title="指令操作"></a>指令操作</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>快捷键</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>backspace</code></td>
<td>向前删除指令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + u</code></td>
<td>向前删除全部指令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>del</code></td>
<td>向后删除指令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + k</code></td>
<td>向后删除全部指令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + a</code> 或 <code>home</code></td>
<td>移动到指令串最前面</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + e</code> 或 <code>end</code></td>
<td>移动到指令串最末尾</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="变量使用"><a href="#变量使用" class="headerlink" title="变量使用"></a>变量使用</h3><ol>
<li><p>在终端输入，如设定<code>a=b</code>(不能以数字开头，等号两边不能有空格)，那么可以使用<code>echo</code>指令取出值b：<code>echo $a</code>，这种设定仅对本次登录有效；</p>
</li>
<li><p>常见的环境变量有<code>$HOME</code>、<code>$PATH</code>等，可用<code>env</code>、<code>set</code>或<code>export</code>命令查找已定义的变量；</p>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>打印本shell的PID：<code>echo $$</code></li>
<li>打印上一个指令的回传值：<code>echo $?</code>(正常回传为0)</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><p>取消变量设定：<code>unset a</code>；</p>
</li>
<li><p>双引号字符串中，仍可引用变量，而单引号字符串仅代表是字符串本身。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="相关命令"><a href="#相关命令" class="headerlink" title="相关命令"></a>相关命令</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>命令</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>alias</code></td>
<td>设定别名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>unalias</code></td>
<td>取消设定别名</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>history</code></td>
<td>查看历史命令。<code>!number</code>，执行第n个指令；<code>!command</code>，往前模糊搜索匹配的指令并执行；<code>!!</code>，执行上一个指令，相当于<code>↑ + Enter</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + u</code></td>
<td>提示符命令输入下可快速删除整行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + s</code></td>
<td>暂停屏幕的输出</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ctrl + q</code></td>
<td>恢复屏幕的输出</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="特殊符号"><a href="#特殊符号" class="headerlink" title="特殊符号"></a>特殊符号</h3><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>bash特殊符号</th>
<th>说明</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>#</td>
<td>批注符号：注释</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>\</td>
<td>跳脱符号：将特殊字符或通配符还原成一般字符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|</td>
<td>管线：连接两个管线命令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>;</td>
<td>分隔多个连续性命令</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>~</td>
<td>当前用户的家目录</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$</td>
<td>取用变量前导符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&</td>
<td>工作控制：将指令设为后台工作</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/</td>
<td>目录间的分隔符</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>!</td>
<td>逻辑运算符：非，not</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>>, >></td>
<td>数据流输出重导向，前者是覆盖追加，后者是累记追加</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><, <<</td>
<td>数据流输入重导向</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>‘xxx’</td>
<td>单引号确保了当前引用的肯定为字符串</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>“xxx”</td>
<td>双引号仍具有变量置换功能(如$可保留相关变量引用)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>`xxx`</td>
<td>可执行的指令，亦可使用$()</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>()</td>
<td>中间为子shell的起始和结束</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{}</td>
<td>中间为命令区块的结合</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cmd1 && cmd2</td>
<td>cmd2仅在cmd1正确执行的情况下执行</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cmd1 || cmd2</td>
<td>cmd2仅在cmd1执行错误的情况下执行</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="数据流重导向"><a href="#数据流重导向" class="headerlink" title="数据流重导向"></a>数据流重导向</h3><ul>
<li><p>标准输入(stdin，standard input): 代码为0，使用 <code><</code> 或 <code><<</code></p>
</li>
<li><p>标准输出(stdout，standard output)：指令正确执行所回传的讯息。代码为1，使用 <code>></code> 或 <code>>></code></p>
</li>
<li><p>标准错误输出(stderr，standard error output)：指令执行失败后，所回传的讯息。代码为2，使用 <code>2></code> 或 <code>2>></code></p>
</li>
<li><p>垃圾桶黑洞：<code>/dev/null</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="提取命令"><a href="#提取命令" class="headerlink" title="提取命令"></a>提取命令</h3><ul>
<li><p><code>cut [-dfc]</code>，将输入讯息的某一段切出来 (<strong>不适合处理多空格或无规则的数据</strong>)</p>
<ul>
<li><code>d</code>后接指定分隔符，与<code>-f</code>一起使用</li>
<li><code>f</code>分段后，这个代表第几段(以1开始，同时取出多段以<code>,</code>分隔)，<code>echo $PATH | cut -d ":" -f 4,5,6</code></li>
<li><code>c</code>以字符为单位取出行的固定字符区间，后接区间范围，如<code>10-</code>表示取出第10个字符到最后，<code>export | cut -c 12-</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>grep [-acinvAB] [--color=auto] '搜寻字符串' filename</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>a</code>将binary文件转成text文件后再搜索</li>
<li><code>c</code>计算出现次数</li>
<li><code>i</code>忽略大小写</li>
<li><code>n</code>输出行号</li>
<li><code>v</code>反向选择未搜索匹配到的</li>
<li><code>An</code>列出该行之后的n行</li>
<li><code>Bn</code>列出该行之前的n行</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="排序命令"><a href="#排序命令" class="headerlink" title="排序命令"></a>排序命令</h3><ul>
<li><p><code>sort [-fbMnrtuk] [file or stdin]</code></p>
<ul>
<li><code>f</code>忽略大小写</li>
<li><code>b</code>忽略前面的空格</li>
<li><code>M</code>按月份排序</li>
<li><code>n</code>按数字排序</li>
<li><code>r</code>反向排序</li>
<li><code>u</code>去重，相同数据仅出现一行</li>
<li><code>t</code>指定分隔符</li>
<li><code>k</code>按指定区间排序，<code>cat /etc/passwd | sort -t ':' -k 3</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>wc [-lwm]</code>，数据统计</p>
<ul>
<li><code>l</code>统计行</li>
<li><code>w</code>统计英文单字</li>
<li><code>m</code>统计字符</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>uniq [-c]</code>，去重，<code>c</code>代表统计次数</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="双向重导向"><a href="#双向重导向" class="headerlink" title="双向重导向"></a>双向重导向</h3><ul>
<li><code>tee [-a] file</code>，用于同时将数据流分送到文件和屏幕，而类似<code>></code>和<code>>></code>只能输送到文件，<code>-a</code>参数代表追加</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="字符转换"><a href="#字符转换" class="headerlink" title="字符转换"></a>字符转换</h3><ul>
<li><p><code>tr [-ds]</code>，用于将删除或替换某一讯息中的文字</p>
<ul>
<li><code>d</code>后接某一字符用于删除</li>
<li><code>s</code>后接被替换的字符和待取代的字符</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><code>col [-xb]</code>，将<code>tab</code>键转换成对等的空格键</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>join -[til2] file1 file2</code>，处理两个文字的数据</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>paste [-d] file1 file2</code>，以<code>tab</code>键分隔将两文件的对应每一行合并成一行，<code>-d</code>参数可以指定分隔符</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>expand [-t] file</code>，将空格键转换成对等的<code>tab</code>键，<code>-t</code>参数可以指定一个<code>tab</code>键代表多少个字符</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="分区命令"><a href="#分区命令" class="headerlink" title="分区命令"></a>分区命令</h3><ul>
<li><code>split -[bl] file [PREFIX]</code>，<code>-b</code>参数后接分区文件大小，可指定b,k,m,g等；<code>-l</code>参数为以行数进行分区；<code>PREFIX</code>指定分区文件名前缀</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="参数替换"><a href="#参数替换" class="headerlink" title="参数替换"></a>参数替换</h3><ul>
<li><code>xargs -[0epn] command</code>，产生某个指令的参数</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="减号用途"><a href="#减号用途" class="headerlink" title="减号用途"></a>减号用途</h3><p>减号<code>-</code>可用于连接一些特殊的stdin和stdout，像这个文件压缩和解压缩的示例：<code>tar -cvf - /home | tar -xvf - -C /tmp/home</code>。前面的<code>-</code>用于将stdout传到后面，而后面那个<code>-</code>则用于接收stdout，这样就可以免去要生成file的流程</p>
<h3 id="重点回顾"><a href="#重点回顾" class="headerlink" title="重点回顾"></a>重点回顾</h3><p><img src="http://image.mariojd.cn/happyjared/20181018/20181018141303.png" alt="重点回顾"></p>
<blockquote>
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<p>最后更新： 2019年06月02日 19:41</p>
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